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Multi-User Staking Product with Redemptions through stETH

Product value proposition​

Staking rewards through a chosen Node Operator, with quick redemption coverage through stETH liquidity.

Product characteristics​

ParameterValue
Number of stakersMultiple
stETH minting capabilityYes, to cover redemptions

Building blocks​

Building blockSolutionImplementation
BasisstVaultOut-of-the-box
Pooling WrapperCustomCustom
User InterfaceCustomCustom

Economy model and calculator​

The stVault strategy - ETH is deposited to validators and generates staking rewards; stETH is minted on demand by the Vault Owner.

For custom calculations, use this spreadsheet as a calculator: Lido stVault Economics Model

Economy calculation example

As an calculation example, let's consider a staking setup with a single Node Operator, and full utilization of available stETH Minting Capacity.

Annualized Economics Breakdown​

Staking Rewards

Gross Staking Rewards3.2 ETH

Validators generate staking rewards on top of the 100 ETH deposited to the Beacon Chain. e.g., 3.2% Staking APR.

Node Operator Fee- 0.096 ETH

Set per stVault through consensus between the Vault Owner and the Node Operator. e.g., 3% out of Gross Staking Rewards earned.

Lido Fee- 0.1728 ETH

In this example, the annual Lido Fee approximately equals 6% of the Lido Core Gross APR and can be calculated by the equation: Lido Fee = 6% * 3.2% Lido Core Gross APR * 90 stETH = 0.1728 ETH; e.g., Lido Core Gross APR ~ 3.2%.

stETH Liability Growth

Minted stETH Rebase2.592 stETH

The stVault’s liquidity is provided in stETH, a rebasing token — its balance updates daily to reflect accrued staking rewards. To ensure the Vault Owner’s repayment amount is always accurately represented, the minted stETH liability adjusts daily in line with stETH’s rebasing mechanics. This is primarily a technical adjustment, as the liability increase is offset by the rewards the Vault Owner earns as a holder of stETH. e.g., stETH APR ~ 2.88%.

stVault Bottom Line

stVault Bottom Line+ 0.3392 ETH
stVault Efficiency0.3392%

A positive stVault Efficiency indicates that the Node Operator’s performance is sufficient to cover the growth of the stETH Liability.

stETH Usage Outside the stVault​

The Vault Owner generates primary profit via higher validation performance than Lido Core APR plus rewards received as a stETH holder.

  • + 0.3392% — stVault Efficiency upside
  • + 2.592% — minted stETH APR (normalized to stVault Total Value 100 ETH)
Total APR2.9312%

Architecture​

Multi-User Staking Product with Redemptions through stETH

Redemptions coverage by stETH​

There are several possible options to cover redemptions with stETH liquidity, depending on specific requirements and limitations. All of them are described in this doc — Redemptions coverage with stETH liquidity.

Parameters needed to create an stVault:​

Creating an stVault is permissionless.

  1. Node Operator address — a unique, immutable identifier of the Node Operator within stVaults, used in protocol logic such as calculating per-operator stETH minting terms and limits. It designates the Node Operator that provides validation services for the stVault and also manages ETH deposits from the stVault balance to validators, as well as handling validator exits when required.
  2. Node Operator Manager address. One of the two administrative roles in an stVault. From the Node Operator perspective, this role manages permissions and can update key vault parameters. Multiple addresses are supported.
  3. Vault Owner address. One of the two administrative roles in an stVault. From the Vault Owner (Staker) perspective, this role manages permissions and can update key vault parameters. Multiple addresses are supported.
  4. Node Operator Fee. The share of gross staking rewards that the Node Operator charges for providing validation services. Expressed in basis points [0 (0%) .. 10,000 (100%)].
  5. Confirmation Lifetime. The key parameter of the multi-role confirmation mechanism. It defines the maximum time interval between proposal and confirmation. This mechanism is used to update certain stVault parameters by requiring consensus between the two stVault representatives: the Vault Owner and the Node Operator Manager. Measured in seconds [3,600 sec (1 hour) .. 2,592,000 sec (30 days)]. For security reasons, it is strongly recommended to keep it as short as possible. The CLI applies a stricter floor than the contract: whole hours, and at least 86,400 sec (24 hours) on Mainnet.

Creating new stVault​

➡️ URLs and Smart Contract addresses are listed on Environments

The Vault Owner creates an stVault that is automatically connected to Lido Core, enabling stETH minting. This requires supplying 1 ETH, which is locked as the Connection Deposit for the VaultHub connection. The entire process is completed in a single transaction. While stVault creation is permissionless, this approach is typically performed by the intended Vault Owner of the new stVault.

The 1 ETH Connection Deposit becomes part of the stVault Total Value, can be used as collateral for minting stETH, and can be deposited to validators to earn validation rewards. It can be withdrawn after disconnecting the stVault from VaultHub.

using stVaults Web UI
  1. Open the stVaults Web UI (see Environments)
  2. Connect wallet on the "My Vaults" page.
  3. Click "Create vault".

Create vault

  1. Fill out the form and click "Continue".
  2. Sign transaction in the wallet.
by Command-line Interface
yarn start vo w create-vault create --defaultAdmin <VaultOwnerAddress> --nodeOperator <NodeOperatorAddress> --nodeOperatorManager <NodeOperatorManagerAddress> --confirmExpiry <TimeInSeconds> --nodeOperatorFeeRate <NodeOperatorFeeInBasisPoints> 1
using Etherscan UI
  1. Open Etherscan and navigate to the VaultFactory contract — find its address on the Environments page.
  2. Call createVaultWithDashboard:
    • _payableAmount (ether) must be at least 1 ETH.
    • You can leave _roleAssignments = [].
  3. Sign the transaction in your wallet.
  4. Click View your transaction and wait for it to be executed.
  5. Open the Logs tab, scroll to the DashboardCreated event, and note down the addresses of the created Vault and Dashboard contracts — these are the key contracts of your newly created stVault.

Adjust stETH minting parameters​

By default, a newly created stVault is connected to the Default tier with a Reserve Ratio of 50%. If the Node Operator has passed identification and been granted individual tiers, the stVault can be moved from the Default tier to one of the Node Operator’s tiers to access better stETH minting conditions.

For more information about how this process, please follow Adjust stETH minting parameters.